PART 4: OEM Architecture, Regulations, Future Trends, and References
This final part consolidates the theoretical foundations presented earlier into a practical OEM-oriented system view. It explains how EVCC is architected in real vehicles, how regulations shape implementation, and how the technology is expected to evolve over the next decade.
Chapter 22: EVCC Hardware Architecture in OEM Vehicles
22.1 Placement of EVCC in Vehicle E/E Architecture
In modern electric vehicles, the EVCC may exist as:
- A dedicated standalone ECU
- A function integrated into the VCU
- A domain controller software module
The choice depends on vehicle segment, safety strategy, and OEM platform philosophy.
22.2 Typical EVCC Hardware Components
| Component | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Microcontroller / SoC | Protocol execution, state machines |
| PLC Modem | Power Line Communication (Green PHY) |
| Secure Element / HSM | Certificate storage, cryptography |
| CAN / Ethernet Interface | Vehicle network communication |
| Isolation & Protection | HV safety, EMC robustness |
22.3 Automotive Design Constraints
EVCC hardware must comply with:
- Automotive temperature ranges
- Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
- Functional safety requirements
Although EVCC is not always classified as ASIL-D, its failure can indirectly cause safety risks, so OEMs often apply elevated safety rigor.
Chapter 23: EVCC Software Architecture
23.1 Layered Software Design
OEM EVCC software is typically layered as follows:
- Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)
- PLC Driver & Network Stack
- Protocol Layer (DIN 70121 / ISO 15118)
- State Machine & Charging Logic
- Vehicle Interface Layer (BMS, VCU)
23.2 State Machine Implementation
OEMs implement charging state machines using:
- Explicit finite-state-machine models
- Model-based design tools
- Table-driven logic
Each state transition is guarded by:
- Timing checks
- Protocol compliance
- Safety constraints
23.3 Software Update Strategy
Given frequent standard amendments, EVCC software must support:
- Secure over-the-air (OTA) updates
- Backward compatibility modes
- Certificate renewal mechanisms
Chapter 24: Interaction with Other Vehicle Systems
24.1 EVCC and BMS
The BMS provides:
- Maximum allowable voltage
- Current limits
- Thermal constraints
The EVCC translates these into protocol-compliant charging requests.
24.2 EVCC and VCU
The VCU coordinates:
- Vehicle mode transitions
- User interface feedback
- Drive enable/disable during charging
24.3 Diagnostics and Logging
For OEMs, EVCC diagnostics are critical for:
- Field issue analysis
- Interoperability debugging
- Regulatory audits
Chapter 25: Regional Regulations and Market Requirements
25.1 European Union
The EU mandates CCS2 for DC public charging under:
- AFID / AFIR regulations
- Type approval frameworks
OEM implications:
- Mandatory CCS2 inlet
- ISO 15118 roadmap alignment
25.2 India
India has adopted CCS2 as the primary DC fast charging standard.
Key characteristics:
- Government-backed standardization
- Public–private infrastructure rollout
- Focus on interoperability and cost
25.3 Global Landscape
| Region | Dominant Standard |
|---|---|
| Europe | CCS2 |
| India | CCS2 |
| North America | CCS1 / NACS |
| China | GB/T |
Global OEMs must therefore implement multi-standard EVCC strategies.
Chapter 26: Compliance, Homologation, and Testing
26.1 Conformance Testing
Conformance ensures that:
- Protocol sequences are correct
- Timing requirements are met
- Error handling is deterministic
26.2 Interoperability Testing
Interoperability testing validates real-world charging across:
- Multiple charger vendors
- Different firmware versions
- Varying grid conditions
26.3 OEM Risk Areas
| Risk Area | Impact |
|---|---|
| Partial ISO 15118 support | Charging failures |
| Certificate handling errors | Plug-and-Charge rejection |
| Timing violations | Interoperability issues |
Chapter 27: Future Trends in EVCC and CCS2
27.1 Bidirectional Charging (V2G)
ISO 15118-20 enables:
- Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)
- Vehicle-to-Home (V2H)
- Vehicle-to-Load (V2L)
EVCC will evolve from a consumer to an active energy asset controller.
27.2 Software-Defined Vehicles
EVCC functionality is increasingly:
- Decoupled from hardware
- Upgradable via software
- Integrated into centralized compute platforms
27.3 AI and Smart Charging
Future EVCC systems may integrate:
- Predictive charging behavior
- Grid-aware optimization
- User preference learning
Chapter 28: Academic and Industrial Significance
28.1 For Academia
- Cyber-physical systems case study
- Secure communication protocols
- Energy systems integration
28.2 For OEMs
- Platform differentiation
- Customer experience leadership
- Regulatory readiness
28.3 For Policy Makers
- Standard-driven infrastructure planning
- Energy transition enablement
- Cybersecurity governance
Chapter 29: Comprehensive Reference List
- IEC 61851 – Electric Vehicle Conductive Charging System
- ISO 15118-2 – Road vehicles — Vehicle to grid communication interface
- ISO 15118-20 – Bidirectional charging and advanced services
- DIN 70121 – Digital communication between EV and DC charger
- CharIN e.V. – CCS and interoperability documentation
- European Commission AFIR Regulation
- BIS & Ministry of Power (India) EV Charging Guidelines
- HomePlug Green PHY Specification
- NIST Cybersecurity Framework (EV Infrastructure)
- SAE EV Charging and Interoperability Reports
- OEM EV Architecture Whitepapers
- Academic Journals on Smart Grid & V2G
End of PART 4 — End of Complete Document
EVCC and CCS2.
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